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Procedure price report · Diagnostic procedures, male genital

Pressure study of the penis with drug injection

CPT 54231the billing code this page is about

Test that measures blood flow and pressure in the erection chambers of the penis while medication is injected to produce an erection.

Hospitals typically charge $477 cash for this outpatient procedure — the median across 245 hospitals that filed a usable cash price; the average of the middle 60% is $904. Most fall between $258 and $3,442 (20th–80th percentile).

Hospitals
245
States
37
Filings dated
Jun 2024 – Sep 2026
Computed
September 25, 2026
Prices checked
through September 24, 2026

Median: half of hospitals filed less, half more — and it is a price some hospital actually filed. Average of the middle 60%: the mean of the prices between the 20th and 80th percentiles. We never publish the plain average, the lowest or the highest price: the extremes in hospital price files are chargemaster artefacts, not prices anyone pays.

What hospitals charge, from cheapest to most expensive

Cash price percentiles, outpatient, across 245 hospitals. Each figure is a price a hospital filed. 10th: one in ten hospitals charges less; 25th: a quarter charge less; Median: half charge less; 75th: three quarters charge less; 90th: nine in ten charge less.
10th25thMedian75th90th
$144$269$477$1,960$5,419

The most expensive tenth of hospitals charges at least 38× what the cheapest tenth charges ($144 vs $5,419).

How the prices are spread

$108 – $161: 17 hospitals$108$161 – $242: 19 hospitals$242 – $362: 72 hospitals$242$362 – $542: 9 hospitals$542 – $812: 29 hospitals$542$812 – $1,216: 6 hospitals$1,216 – $1,821: 21 hospitals$1,216$1,821 – $2,727: 7 hospitals$2,727 – $4,083: 20 hospitals$2,727$4,083 – $6,115: 32 hospitals$4,083median $477price bands are equal on a log scale
Hospitals per price band (232 of 245 — the bands cover the 5th to 95th percentile)
FromToHospitals
$108$16117
$161$24219
$242$36272
$362$5429
$542$81229
$812$1,2166
$1,216$1,82121
$1,821$2,7277
$2,727$4,08320
$4,083$6,11532

Against Medicare

Medicare pays (OPPS 2026, national rate)$255
Median cash price$477
Cash as a multiple of Medicare1.87×

The Medicare figure is the national unadjusted OPPS rate for this code — what Medicare itself pays a hospital before local wage adjustment. It is a benchmark, not a price anyone is charged.

By state

The median cash price in each state, against the national median of $477.

Alaska: 1 hospital filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureAKMaine: no hospital in the corpus filed a usable priceMEVermont: 2 hospitals filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureVTNew Hampshire: 3 hospitals filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureNHWashington: 3 hospitals filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureWAIdaho: 6 hospitals filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureIDMontana: 1 hospital filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureMTNorth Dakota: 1 hospital filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureNDMinnesota: no hospital in the corpus filed a usable priceMNIllinois: median $268 across 13 hospitalsIL$268Wisconsin: median $543 across 12 hospitalsWI$543Michigan: median $344 across 10 hospitalsMI$344New York: median $288 across 19 hospitalsNY$288Massachusetts: 2 hospitals filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureMAOregon: 5 hospitals filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureORNevada: 2 hospitals filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureNVWyoming: 2 hospitals filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureWYSouth Dakota: no hospital in the corpus filed a usable priceSDIowa: median $354 across 14 hospitalsIA$354Indiana: no hospital in the corpus filed a usable priceINOhio: 6 hospitals filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureOHPennsylvania: median $285 across 23 hospitalsPA$285New Jersey: median $3,786 across 22 hospitalsNJ$3,786Connecticut: no hospital in the corpus filed a usable priceCTRhode Island: no hospital in the corpus filed a usable priceRICalifornia: median $6,115 across 36 hospitalsCA$6,115Utah: no hospital in the corpus filed a usable priceUTColorado: 1 hospital filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureCONebraska: 2 hospitals filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureNEMissouri: 2 hospitals filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureMOKentucky: 2 hospitals filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureKYWest Virginia: no hospital in the corpus filed a usable priceWVVirginia: 5 hospitals filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureVAMaryland: no hospital in the corpus filed a usable priceMDDelaware: no hospital in the corpus filed a usable priceDEArizona: 4 hospitals filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureAZNew Mexico: 1 hospital filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureNMKansas: 1 hospital filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureKSArkansas: 1 hospital filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureARTennessee: 6 hospitals filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureTNNorth Carolina: 1 hospital filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureNCSouth Carolina: 3 hospitals filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureSCOklahoma: median $191 across 12 hospitalsOK$191Louisiana: 2 hospitals filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureLAMississippi: no hospital in the corpus filed a usable priceMSAlabama: 2 hospitals filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureALGeorgia: no hospital in the corpus filed a usable priceGAHawaii: no hospital in the corpus filed a usable priceHITexas: 4 hospitals filed a usable price — fewer than 10, so no figureTXFlorida: median $1,264 across 13 hospitalsFL$1,264
Cash price by state, most expensive first. National median $477. A state needs at least 10 hospitals with a usable price to show a figure.
StateHospitalsMedianvs national20th–80th
California CA36$6,115+1182%$3,442 – $6,115
New Jersey NJ22$3,786+694%$269 – $5,419
Florida FL13$1,264+165%$584 – $1,264
Wisconsin WI12$543+14%$543 – $543
Iowa IA14$354−26%$354 – $354
Michigan MI10$344−28%$224 – $543
New York NY19$288−40%$288 – $312
Pennsylvania PA23$285−40%$75 – $1,309
Illinois IL13$268−44%$108 – $762
Oklahoma OK12$191−60%$191 – $191
Idaho ID6not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Ohio OH6not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Tennessee TN6not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Oregon OR5not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Virginia VA5not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Arizona AZ4not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Texas TX4not enough hospitals filed a usable price
New Hampshire NH3not enough hospitals filed a usable price
South Carolina SC3not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Washington WA3not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Alabama AL2not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Kentucky KY2not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Louisiana LA2not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Massachusetts MA2not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Missouri MO2not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Nebraska NE2not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Nevada NV2not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Vermont VT2not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Wyoming WY2not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Alaska AK1not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Arkansas AR1not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Colorado CO1not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Kansas KS1not enough hospitals filed a usable price
Montana MT1not enough hospitals filed a usable price
North Carolina NC1not enough hospitals filed a usable price
North Dakota ND1not enough hospitals filed a usable price
New Mexico NM1not enough hospitals filed a usable price

Hospitals like yours

The same distribution cut by the kind of hospital. Hospital type and ownership come from CMS; a hospital counts as part of a system when its price file is shared with at least one other hospital under the same brand. The national median is $477.

Cash price by hospital segment. A segment needs at least 20 hospitals to show a figure.
SegmentHospitalsMedian20th–80th
Hospital type
Acute care221$435$255 – $3,442
Children’s3fewer than 20 hospitals
Critical access21$543$329 – $543
Ownership
For-profit21$543$108 – $1,309
Government31$288$244 – $796
Non-profit193$543$265 – $3,442
System affiliation
Part of a system210$543$265 – $3,442
Independent35$321$204 – $877

Cash price vs list price

Median list price (chargemaster)$660
Median cash price$477
Cash as a share of list, median hospital61%

At the typical hospital, asking for the cash price cuts the list price by about 39%. The share is the median of each hospital’s own cash ÷ list ratio, over hospitals that filed both — not the ratio of the two medians above.

The same procedure, inpatient

164 hospitals filed a usable inpatient cash price for this code. The median is $543 and the average of the middle 60% is $1,077; most fall between $224 and $3,442.

Cash price percentiles, inpatient, across 164 hospitals. Each figure is a price a hospital filed. 10th: one in ten hospitals charges less; 25th: a quarter charge less; Median: half charge less; 75th: three quarters charge less; 90th: nine in ten charge less.
10th25thMedian75th90th
$191$265$543$2,591$6,115

The most expensive tenth of hospitals charges at least 32× what the cheapest tenth charges ($191 vs $6,115).

Of the 174 hospitals that filed this code inpatient, 164 gave a usable cash price; 8 carried a plausibility flag, 0 filed a number their own filing marks as not a price, 0 gave an estimate, and 2 a list price only.

How complete is this

245 of the 3,956 hospitals with a price file in our corpus (6%) filed a usable outpatient cash price for this code, and those are the hospitals every figure on this page is computed from.

What the 258 hospitals that filed this code at all gave us
Usable cash price — counted245
Cash price carrying a plausibility flag — shown on the compare tool, excluded here10
A number the filing itself marks as not a price (a placeholder, a ratio) — excluded1
An estimate rather than a filed cash price — excluded0
A list price only, no cash figure — excluded2
Hospitals that filed this code258

Sections not shown for this setting

  • Since our last snapshot: there is no earlier snapshot at least 90 days older than this one yet.

We last checked these hospitals’ price files for changes between September 5, 2026 and September 24, 2026; the figures were computed September 25, 2026 from filings loaded through September 23, 2026. The percentiles and averages use only the “counted” row.

Related procedures

Part of the Diagnostic procedures, male genital family.

Hospitals file this code under descriptions such as Dynamic Cavernosometry Njx Vasoactive Drugs.

Method

Source
The machine-readable price files every U.S. hospital is required by CMS to publish, parsed per hospital. Nothing is surveyed, sampled or modelled.
What counts
One cash (self-pay) price per hospital for this code and setting. A hospital’s own filing can rule its number out — a placeholder, a “not applicable” note, a list price standing in for cash — and our plausibility checks can flag a price far below what every other hospital files. Both kinds are disclosed above and excluded from the statistics; on the compare tool a flagged price is still shown.
Statistics
Percentiles are discrete: each is a price some hospital filed. The average is the mean of the prices between the 20th and 80th percentiles. We never publish the plain mean, the minimum or the maximum. A state needs 10 hospitals and a segment 20 to show a figure; otherwise the row shows its count and no number. Medicare is the national unadjusted OPPS rate where one exists.
Names
Procedure names on these pages are our own plain-language titles, not the AMA’s copyrighted CPT descriptors. The code is the identity.

The full rules — sources, statistics, thresholds, limitations — are on the methodology page.

Download this page’s figures: JSON · CSV. Aggregates only — the per-hospital prices are on the compare tool.

Cite: HospitalRates.com, “Pressure study of the penis with drug injection (CPT 54231) — cash price report,” computed September 25, 2026. https://hospitalrates.com/procedures/cpt-54231-pressure-study-of-the-penis-with-drug-injection